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Project Proposal Request for FY 2007 - FY 2009 Funding (Revised Summer 2006)

Proposal 200103200: Coeur D'Alene Fisheries Enhancement, Hangman Creek

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Table of Contents
Part 1. Administration and Budgeting
Section 1: General Administrative
Section 2: Project Location
Section 3: Project Species
Section 4: Past Accomplishments
Section 5: Relationship to Other Projects
Section 6: Biological Objectives
Section 7: Work Elements
Section 8: Budget
Section 9: Project Future
Section 10: Documents
Part 2. Reviews
Part 1 of 2. Administration and Budgeting
Section 1: General Administrative Information
Process Information:
Date Proposal Submitted & Finalized Status Form Generator
July 14, 2006 Finalized Ronald Peters
Proposal Type: Ongoing
Proposal Number: 200103200
Proposal Name: Coeur D'Alene Fisheries Enhancement, Hangman Creek
BPA Project Manager: Virgil Watts III
Agency, Institution or Organization: Coeur D'Alene Tribe
Short Description: This project will restore Redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdeni) habitat in Hangman Creek and it's tributaries.
Information Transfer: Information will be transferred through annual progress reports to BPA, peer reviewed journal articles and articles in the Watershed Wrap (CDA Tribes Fisheries Programs quarterly newsletter).
 
Project Proposal Contacts
Contact Organization Address Phone/Email Roles Notes
Form Submitter
Ronald Peters Coeur d'Alene Tribe 401 Annie Antelope Road
Plummer, ID 83851		 Ph: 208-686-6307
Fax: [left blank]
Email: rlpeters@cdatribe-nsn.gov		 Form Submitter Fisheries Manager, Coeur d' Alene Tribe
All Assigned Contacts
Bruce Kinkead Coeur d'Alene Tribe, Fisheries Program 401 Annie Antelope Dr
Plummer, ID 83851		 Ph: (208) 686-6071
Fax: (208) 686-3021
Email: bkinkead@cdatribe-nsn.gov		 Project Lead
Ronald Peters Coeur d'Alene Tribe 401 Annie Antelope Road
Plummer, ID 83851		 Ph: 208-686-6307
Fax: [left blank]
Email: rlpeters@cdatribe-nsn.gov		 Supervisor
 Fisheries Manager, Coeur d' Alene Tribe
Section 2: Project Location
Sponsor Province: Intermountain ARG Province: No Change
Sponsor Subbasin: Spokane ARG Subbasin: No Change
Location(s) at which the action will be implemented
Latitude Longitude Waterbody Location Description County/State Subbasin Primary?
47 degree, 84 minutes N 116 degrees, 52 minutes W Hangman Creek Southeast portion of the Spokane Subbasin and southern portion of the Coeur d'Alene Reservation. Benewah County, Idaho Spokane Yes
Section 3: Focal Species
Focal Species:
Primary Secondary Additional Species
Interior Redband Trout
Rainbow Trout
Section 4: Past Accomplishments
Past Accomplishments for Each Fiscal Year of This Project
Fiscal Year Accomplishments
2005 Final Genetics report completed, Final IFIM report completed, Water Quality and Fisheries sampling continued. Public Outreach, quarterly progress reports. Resistence Board Weir Trap Completed. Completed plantings on all restoration sites
2004 Same as 2003, except Lvl 1Rosgen channel typing used to select electrofishing, macroinvertebrate and pebble counts sites. Macroinvertebrate sampling completed. Completed Quarterly and Annual progress reports
2003 Monthly Water Quality, lab samples, hydrolab, including weekly discharge to support IFIM study. Electroshocking w/ an emphasis to support genetics sampling. Cont. temp monitoring. Public Outreach. Road and forestry practices survey. Quarterly reports
2002 Water Quality sampling, discharge, and temperature and analysis, Fish Sampling to determine distribution and data summarization, Public Outreach, quarterly progress reports, completed annual report DOE ID# 6180-01
2001 Start of project was delayed until early 2002 due to BPA contracting issues and subsequent delays in the Tribes hiring process.
Section 5: Relationships to Other Projects
Other Current Projects Related to this Project (any funding source)
Funding Source Related ID Related Project Title Relationship
Other: EPA [no entry] TMDL Development EPA provides funding to the Coeur d'Alene Tribe to monitor surface water quality of streams, conduct watershed assessments, and provide the framework for Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) development on the Reservation under section 106 of the Clean Water Act. Monitoring is conducted at 15 sites within the Spokane Sub-Basin. Data is compiled and used to supplement the analysis of fish and macroinvertebrate abundance and distribution on the Reservation. Data on temperature, bacteria, discharge, and turbidity and TSS, in particular are important in evaluating project effectiveness and coupled with landscape analysis and GIS modeling, provide the necessary information to formulate watershed assessments. Data currently gathered from the sites in the Spokane Sub-Basin will be used in the research, planning, and design and monitoring phases of all Coeur d' Alene Fish & Wildlife Proposals. The TMDL for Hangman Creek, outside the Reservation was completed in 2005, and includes temperature and sediment. Completion of the TMDL for Hangman Creek within the Reservation is scheduled for completion in 2006. Listed parameters will be temperature, sediment, nutrients, and bacteria.
Other: Avista Corporation [no entry] FERC 2545 Spokane River Relicensing This project will aid in supporting the Tribes "put and take" fisheries program in the Hangman watershed. This project will help take fishing pressure off of weak native stocks located in the Hangman tributaries.
BPA 199004400 Coeur D'Alene Reservation Habi 1990-044-00 is an established project where restoration expertise and RM&E methods will be applied to the Hangman project.These projects are well coordinated and adaptive management is applied across both porjects.
BPA 199004402 Coeur D'Alene Trout Production This project supports "put and take" fisheries in the Hangman Creek watershed. The intent is to relieve harvest pressure on weak native fish stocks allowing them opportunity to recover.
BPA 200103300 Hangman Watershed Coeur D'Alen Sister project where 2001-033-00 negotiates with landowners for leases, conservation easements, management agreements, and implementation of Best Management Practices or purchase of critical aquatic, riparian, or upland habitats. 200103200 then completes tha aquatic habitat restorations precriptions identified.
Section 6: Biological Objectives
Biological Objectives of this Proposed Project
Biological Objective Full Description Associated Subbasin Plan Strategy Page Nos
1. Implement habitat restoration and enhancement p Improve stream channel stability, habitat complexity and stream/ groundwater interaction through habitat restoration and enhancement. Address habitat needs in 25 percent of high priority areas by 2015. Intermountain Spokane S.B. 1B2 a-e,g, h, and j. 1B3 b, c,e,f,g, and i. 1C4 a-b. 2A3 a-d,h. 26-6 - 26-26
2. Evaluate habitat restoration at treatment sites Evaluate physical habitat indicators at treatment and control reaches to measure variability and quantify habitat change. Measure habitat indicators and statistically test trends in indicators to evaluate restoration effectiveness in reaching performance standards (25 percent of optimal level) by 2015. Intermountain Spokane S.B. 1B1a, 1B2a, and 2A3a. 26-6 - 26-26
3. Detect changes in fish production, productivity Monitor fish distribution, production and productivity along the longitudinal profile of mainstem and tributaries. Statistically test for changes in distribution, productivity and production. Statistically test for correlation between changes in habitat indicators and temperature, and changes in fish production at mainstem and tributary scales. Evaluate restoration effectiveness in reaching WCT production and productivity performance standards by statistically detecting changes of ± 4% at a level 0.05 by 2014. Intermountain Spokane S.B. 2A1 St.b, 1B2 St.a, 2A3 St.a 26-6 - 26-26
4. Measure productivity of the fluvial lifehistory Develop juvenile-to-adult survival estimates, growth and migration timing of fluvial rainbow trout in Hangman Creek. Intermountain Spokane S.B. 1B1 St. a, 2A1 St. a 26-6 - 26-26
5. Increase cooperation and coordination Increase coordination and participation in a variety of educational and informational forums with local students, stakeholders and managers to disseminate information about restoration efforts and allow for participation by interested parties. Intermountain Spokane S.B. 2A3, strategy d 26-13 -26-26
Section 7: Work Elements
Work Elements and Associated Biological Objectives
Work Element Name Work Element Title Description Start Date End Date Estimated Budget
01: Produce Environmental Compliance Documentation WE 1: NEPA Analysis and Documentation Insure all applicable compliance documentation are submitted for permits, and a completed NEPA checklist will be submitted to obtain signoff from the BPA Environmental Compliance group prior to project implementation 5/1/2007 4/30/2010 $12,810
Biological Objectives Metrics
1. Implement habitat restoration and enhancement p
 No Metrics for this Work Element
02: Analyze/Interpret Data WE 2: Assess Large Woody Debris Recruitment Potential in target Watersheds Evaluate the LWD recruitment in potential 2nd order tributaries within the Hangman Creek watershed. Revise performance standards for LWD volume/frequency and identify and prioritize sites for restoration treatment. 5/1/2007 4/30/2008 $9,506
Biological Objectives Metrics
1. Implement habitat restoration and enhancement p
 Focal Area: 20 miles
03: Identify and Select Projects WE 3: Identify and Select New Restoration Projects Engage in advanced scoping of restoration projects with private landowners in the Hangman Watershed. Make contacts with landowners, negotiate agreements, and conduct field evaluations to characterize baseline conditions on properties where projects are likely to occur. 5/1/2007 4/30/2010 $23,598
Biological Objectives Metrics
1. Implement habitat restoration and enhancement p
 No Metrics for this Work Element
04: Produce Plan WE 4: Produce Design of Hangman Creek Assessment and Restoration Prescriptions. Will contract out to Inter-Fluve Inc, to have a 4.0 mile section of Hangman Creek (from the confluence of Indian to the confluence of Nehchen Creek) evaluated for existing channel and flodplain conditions, and a conceptual design of restoration prescriptions provided. 5/1/2007 4/30/2008 $50,279
Biological Objectives Metrics
1. Implement habitat restoration and enhancement p
 No Metrics for this Work Element
05: Produce Design and/or Specifications WE 5: Produce Site Specific Restoration Designs for major channel realignment Produce a 30%level of design needed for fit in the field construction to restore stable channel plan, profile and dimension to approximately 1.3 miles of channel in the mainstem of Hangman Creek below the Indian Creek confluence. This will involve two separate properties still under negotiation. 5/1/2007 4/30/2009 $110,380
Biological Objectives Metrics
1. Implement habitat restoration and enhancement p
 No Metrics for this Work Element
06: Produce Design and/or Specifications WE 6: Produce Design for Minor Restoration Projects In-house designs for LWD placement, riparian fencing, and riparian enhancement projects. 5/1/2007 4/30/2010 $33,104
Biological Objectives Metrics
1. Implement habitat restoration and enhancement p
 No Metrics for this Work Element
07: Realign, Connect, and/or Create Channel WE 7: Major channel reconstruction and realignment Implement channel restoration design (WE 5) for mainstem Hangman Creek to recover abandoned channel alignment and raise the invert of existing channel segments to near historical elevations per design specifications. Anticipated that 2 separate properties and two separate projects will be involved with this work element. 5/1/2008 10/30/2009 $437,568
Biological Objectives Metrics
1. Implement habitat restoration and enhancement p
 * # of stream miles treated, including off-channels, after realignment: 1.5 miles
08: Install Fence WE 8: Install fence to exclude cattle from fish-bearing stream Install 1.0 mile of fence on the Damon property on Sheep Creek to exclude cattle from riparian area, and armour banks where cattle are allowed access to stream for watering. 5/1/2007 11/1/2007 $21,366
Biological Objectives Metrics
1. Implement habitat restoration and enhancement p
 * # of miles of fence: 2.0 miles
09: Plant Vegetation WE 9: Plant Riparian Vegetation at Various Undetermined Sites Restore native riparian plant communities within the 100 year floodplain of streams within the Hangman watershed 5/1/2007 4/30/2010 $146,991
Biological Objectives Metrics
1. Implement habitat restoration and enhancement p
 * # of riparian miles treated: 3.0 miles
10: Increase Instream Habitat Complexity WE 10: Place Instream LWD in various tributary locations Install LWD at two tributary locations for a total of 2000 ft. All work done within forested fish-bearing streams with low impact equipment, or done by hand. 5/1/2008 4/30/2010 $88,300
Biological Objectives Metrics
1. Implement habitat restoration and enhancement p
 * # of stream miles treated: 0.4 miles
11: Maintain Vegetation WE 11: Maintain Plants at Various Undetermined Sites Protect and maintain riparian plants (WE 9) from competition from exotic, invasive species, and from herbivores such as beaver and other rodents, and ruminates such as deer and elk. Chicken wire and plastic wrapping, plastic cones, and matting is among the treatments used. 5/1/2007 4/30/2010 $38,678
Biological Objectives Metrics
1. Implement habitat restoration and enhancement p
 No Metrics for this Work Element
13: Collect/Generate/Validate Field and Lab Data WE 12: Collect Physical Habitat and Water Quality Data Water Quality: Taking discharge, water samples for TSS and turb, discharge at water qulity sites, deploying continuous temperatue monitors. Physcial habitat: Rosgen channel surveying to obtain cross sections, longitudinal profiles, LWD counts, pebble counts, gradient, and canopy. 5/1/2007 4/30/2010 $100,950
Biological Objectives Metrics
2. Evaluate habitat restoration at treatment sites
 Primary R, M, and E Type: Action Effectiveness Research
14: Submit/Acquire Data WE 13: Transfer Data from Field Equipment Covers downloading of Hobo temp monitors using a laptop, GPS, continuous level loggers, Allegro datalogger, and digital pictures into a PC. 5/1/2007 4/30/2010 $9,796
Biological Objectives Metrics
2. Evaluate habitat restoration at treatment sites
3. Detect changes in fish production, productivity
 No Metrics for this Work Element
15: Create/Manage/Maintain Database WE 14: Maintain Water Quality and Physical Habitat Database Maintain water quality and quantity, physical habitat, and temperature databases for all data categories to support data analysis for TSS and turbidity, discharge, D.O., channel geometry, longitudinal profile, cross section dimension, channel substrate, large woody debris, stream canopy, and air and water temperature. 5/1/2007 4/30/2010 $61,587
Biological Objectives Metrics
2. Evaluate habitat restoration at treatment sites
 No Metrics for this Work Element
16: Analyze/Interpret Data WE 15: Analyze Water Quality and Physical Habitat Analyze data from physical habitat sampling at reference and treatment sites, at temperature monitoring sites, and at water quality and discharge sites within the watershed. 5/1/2007 4/30/2010 $44,346
Biological Objectives Metrics
2. Evaluate habitat restoration at treatment sites
 Primary R, M, and E Type: Action Effectiveness Research
17: Install Fish Monitoring Equipment WE 16: Install and Maintain Traps Install resistence board weir in the mainstem of Hangman Creek, and install upstream and downstream migrant traps in Indian Creek, Sheep Creek, Mission Creek, and Nehchen Creek 5/1/2007 3/30/2010 $17,668
Biological Objectives Metrics
4. Measure productivity of the fluvial lifehistory
 No Metrics for this Work Element
18: Collect/Generate/Validate Field and Lab Data WE 17: Trap salmonids to determine migratory patterns Monitor movement of juvenile and adult salmonids in the mainstem and tributaries of Hangman Creek. Capture downstream migrating juveniles and upstream spawners in weir traps in 4 tributaries (See WE 17), and upstream migrants in the mainstem of Hangman using a Resistence board weir (WE 17). For all fish sampled, measure length (nearest mm), weight (nearest 0.1 g) and take scale samples from each fish. 1/2/2008 4/30/2010 $33,734
Biological Objectives Metrics
2. Evaluate habitat restoration at treatment sites
3. Detect changes in fish production, productivity
4. Measure productivity of the fluvial lifehistory
 No Metrics for this Work Element
19: Collect/Generate/Validate Field and Lab Data WE 18: Sample Fish Electroshocking Equipment Sample fish from 30 sample sites per year using electrofishing backpacks to detect changes in distribution, populations, and to develop a juvenile-to-adult survival estimate. For all fish sampled, measure length (nearest mm), weight (nearest 0.1 g) and take scale samples from each fish. 6/1/2007 8/30/2009 $50,729
Biological Objectives Metrics
2. Evaluate habitat restoration at treatment sites
3. Detect changes in fish production, productivity
4. Measure productivity of the fluvial lifehistory
 Primary R, M, and E Type: Status and Trend Monitoring
20: Create/Manage/Maintain Database WE 19:Maintain Fisheries Database A database of all fish sampling using electroshocking and trapping methods will be maintained for abundance, population estimates, age classes, and migrant trapping. 5/1/2007 4/30/2010 $16,822
Biological Objectives Metrics
2. Evaluate habitat restoration at treatment sites
3. Detect changes in fish production, productivity
4. Measure productivity of the fluvial lifehistory
 No Metrics for this Work Element
21: Disseminate Raw/Summary Data and Results WE 20: Summarize Water Quality, Physical habitat, and Fisheries using GIS This work element covers GIS applications used to summmarize data such as salmonid distribution, riparian vegetative types and densities, canopy, percent fines, useable salmonid habitat for rearing and spawning, and areas identified as priorities for restoration. 5/1/2007 4/30/2010 $15,978
Biological Objectives Metrics
2. Evaluate habitat restoration at treatment sites
3. Detect changes in fish production, productivity
4. Measure productivity of the fluvial lifehistory
 No Metrics for this Work Element
22: Coordination WE 21: Coordinate Restoration Efforts with Stakeholders Coordinate and participate in a variety of forums with local stakeholdrs and managers to disseminate information about restoration efforts and allow for participation by interested parties 5/1/2007 4/30/2010 $54,826
Biological Objectives Metrics
5. Increase cooperation and coordination
 No Metrics for this Work Element
23: Outreach and Education WE 22: Outreach and Education Participate in and develop an educational forum for the local community and surrounding areas regarding stream restoration opportunities on the reservation. 5/1/2007 4/30/2010 $37,231
Biological Objectives Metrics
5. Increase cooperation and coordination
 * # of general public reached: 500
24: Manage and Administer Projects WE 23: Manage and Administer Project Provide oversight of the project as needed. Respond to BPA as requested, providing financial, contractual, and administrative documents. Prepare FY-09 Statements of Work and Budgets. 5/1/2007 4/30/2010 $329,438
Biological Objectives Metrics
1. Implement habitat restoration and enhancement p
2. Evaluate habitat restoration at treatment sites
3. Detect changes in fish production, productivity
4. Measure productivity of the fluvial lifehistory
5. Increase cooperation and coordination
 No Metrics for this Work Element
25: Produce Status Report WE 24: Produce Quarterly Reports via Pisces Prepare quarterly status reports against each mileston, indicating whether the milestone is green, yellow or red. Reports will be filled in on-line via Pisces. 5/1/2007 4/30/2010 $26,438
Biological Objectives Metrics
1. Implement habitat restoration and enhancement p
2. Evaluate habitat restoration at treatment sites
3. Detect changes in fish production, productivity
4. Measure productivity of the fluvial lifehistory
5. Increase cooperation and coordination
 No Metrics for this Work Element
26: Produce Annual Report WE 25: Produce Annual Reports Produce annual reports that summarize work accomplished in the previous 12 months. 5/1/2007 4/30/2010 $48,204
Biological Objectives Metrics
1. Implement habitat restoration and enhancement p
2. Evaluate habitat restoration at treatment sites
3. Detect changes in fish production, productivity
4. Measure productivity of the fluvial lifehistory
5. Increase cooperation and coordination
 No Metrics for this Work Element
Section 8: Budget
Itemized Estimated Budget
Item Note FY 2007 Cost FY 2008 Cost FY 2009 Cost
Personnel 5.3 FTE (includes tree planting crew) $173,364 $184,580 $193,326
Fringe Benefits Covers the Fringe Benefits rate of 44% for this project $73,996 $77,951 $81,800
Supplies Implementation oriented, reoccuring costs $42,709 $56,428 $54,410
Travel BPA, NPCC, Training, Information exchange $5,164 $4,074 $4,124
Capital Equipment [blank] $ 0 $ 0 $ 0
Overhead 31.47% $103,111 $111,859 $115,203
Other Motor Vehcle cost $17,160 $17,160 $17,160
Other lease Fees, Equipment Rental, Equipment Repair $15,256 $15,256 $15,256
Other Subcontractual (Construction Design, Labor and oversight $111,260 $139,860 $189,860
Totals $542,020 $607,168 $671,139
Total Estimated FY 2007-2009 Budgets
Total Itemized Budget$1,820,327
Total Work Element budget$1,820,327
Cost sharing
Funding Source or Organization Item or Service Provided FY 2007 Est Value ($) FY 2008 Est Value ($) FY 2009 Est Value ($) Cash or in-kind? Status
Section 9: Project Future
Project Future Costs and/or Termination
FY 2010 Est Budget FY 2011 Est Budget Comments
$700,000 $750,000 Increase in funding due to larger number of restoration sites maintained
Future Operations & Maintenance Costs
Takes into consideration larger number of restoration sites that need to be maintained as well as additional new sites until project completion.
 
Termination Date Comments
undetermined This project mitigates for the loss of anadromous fisheries in the Intermountain Province and will continue to do so until all resident fisheries are restored and habitats are ready for the return of salmon and steelhead.
 
Final Deliverables
Salmon and steelhead returned to the Coeur d'Alene Reservation
Section 10: Narrative
Document Type Size Date
Fix-it Loop Documents
Documents Originally Submitted with this Proposal
Narrative for proposal 200103200 doc 9.5 M 1/10/2006
Part 2 of 2. Reviews of Proposal
Administrative Review Group (ARG) Results
Account Type:
Expense		 Location:
Province: No Change
Subbasin: No Change 		Primary Focal Species
No Change
ARG Comments:


NPCC Final Funding Recommendations (October 23, 2006) [Full NPCC Council Recs]
FY 2007 NPCC Rec
$572,020		 FY 2008 NPCC Rec
$627,168		 FY 2009 NPCC Rec
$621,139		 Total NPCC Rec
$1,820,327
Budget Type:Expense
Budget Category:ProvinceExpense
Recommendation:Fund
NPCC Comments:


NPCC Draft Funding Recommendations (September 15, 2006) [Full NPCC Council Recs]
FY 2007 NPCC Rec
$572,020		 FY 2008 NPCC Rec
$627,168		 FY 2009 NPCC Rec
$621,139		 Total NPCC Rec
$1,820,327
FY 2007 MSRT Rec
$ 0		 FY 2008 MSRT Rec
$ 0		 FY 2009 MSRT Rec
$ 0		 Total MSRT Rec
$ 0
Budget Category:ProvinceExpense
NPCC Comments:

Local or MSRT Comments: Moved $30,000 from FY09 to FY07, and $20,000 from FY09 to FY08.


Independent Scientific Review Panel Final Review (August 31, 2006) [Download full document]
Recommendation: Fundable
Comments: The intent of the project is to protect and restore remaining stocks of native resident redband trout and provide harvestable surpluses of naturally reproducing adult fish from Hangman creek and its tributaries. Project objectives include implementation of habitat restoration and enhancement projects, and monitor changes in fish production, productivity, and distribution.

To date, several planning documents have been written to guide and prioritize project implementation and several individual restoration/enhancement treatments have been implemented at two project sites between 2005 and 2006. Biological monitoring has focused on long-term population, production, and life history dynamics of redband trout in the target watershed.

Reviewers saw indications that this is a fairly strong project but constrained by difficulties in communication. The original proposal was overly lengthy and, while being strong in some areas like its discussion on planning and watershed processes, could be improved in the future by a more concise description of biological findings with emphasis on the more important issues, attributes, and metrics. For example, project sponsors give fish density data but no indication of population size. The bar graph showing maximum water temperature at four sites +/- one standard deviation is not the best way to communicate that information.

The response was much more clearly presented and adequately addressed reviewers’ queries regarding fish abundance and the causes of the habitat problems that were described in the proposal. The response clarified that there are indeed adequate numbers of redband trout remaining in Hangman Creek tributaries to provide a reservoir capable of expanding as future quality habitat becomes available. The response described an approach to fish habitat restoration, relying largely upon passive restoration techniques, in the upper Hangman system that appears to have a reasonable chance of success. The watershed analysis discussed in the response gives a good basis for implementing rehabilitation plans in the proposal, particularly in the riparian habitat. It will be beneficial and speed the review process if the sponsor includes much of this cycle's response material in future proposals for the project.


Independent Scientific Review Panel Preliminary Review (June 2, 2006) [Download full document]
Recommendation: Response requested
Comments: A response is requested to supply information regarding two items not covered by the proposal. First, trout abundance: approximately how many trout are there in these Hangman Creek tributaries? What fraction of those fish are on the Coeur D’Alene Reservation?

Second, has a watershed analysis been done? The proposal did not present an analysis of the specific causes of the habitat problems that are described. A response should indicate what will be done to reduce or eliminate the causes, not just treat instream symptoms.

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